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Ngữ pháp ngăn chặn những lời nói dối!
Mỗi ngôn ngữ đều có các đặc điểm nhất định. Nhưng một số ngôn ngữ còn có những đặc điểm độc nhất trên toàn thế giới. Ngôn ngữ Trio là một trong số đó. Trio là một tiếng Mỹ bản địa ở Nam Mỹ. Khoảng 2.000 người ở Brazil và Suriname nói tiếng này. Ngữ pháp là điều khiến ngôn ngữ Trio trở nên đặc biệt. Bởi vì nó buộc người nói phải luôn nói sự thật. Cái gọi là hậu tố bắt buộc có vai trò thể hiện điều này. Hậu tố này được thêm vào động từ trong ngôn ngữ Trio. Nó cho biết câu đó phản ánh sự thật ở mức nào. Một ví dụ đơn giản giải thích chính xác về điều này. Ví dụ câu “The child went to school.” (Đứa trẻ đi học.) Trong tiếng Trio, người nói phải thêm một hậu tốt nào đó vào động từ. Thông qua hậu tố đó, anh ta có thể cho biết rằng chính anh ta đã nhìn thấy đứa trẻ. Nhưng anh ta cũng có thể cho biết rằng anh ta chỉ biết điều đó qua nói chuyện với người khác. Hoặc qua hậu tố đó, anh ta muốn nói rằng anh ta biết đó là một lời nói dối. Vì vậy, người nói phải cam kết điều anh ta nói ra. Có nghĩa là, anh ta phải cho biết sự thật của câu nói đó là như thế nào. Như vậy anh không thể giữ bất cứ điều gì là bí mật hay tô vẽ bất cứ điều gì. Nếu một người nói tiếng Trio để ngỏ động từ, anh ta bị coi là một kẻ nói dối. Ở Suriname, ngôn ngữ chính thức là tiếng Hà Lan. Công tác dịch từ tiếng Hà Lan sang tiếng Trio thường rất khó. Bởi vì hầu hết các ngôn ngữ đều không chính xác bằng. Chúng tạo điều kiện cho người nói được hững hờ. Do đó, thông dịch viên không phải luôn cam kết những gì họ đang nói. Do vậy giao tiếp với người nói tiếng Trio rất khó khăn. Có lẽ hậu tố frustrative cũng sẽ hữu ích trong các ngôn ngữ khác!? Không chỉ trong ngôn ngữ chính trị …
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Privacy policy
This privacy policy (“Policy”) describes how the personally identifiable information (“Personal Information”) you may provide on thethienmaonline.vnwebsite (“Website” or “Service”) and any of its related products and services (collectively, “Services”) is collected, protected and used. It also describes the choices available to you regarding our use of your Personal Information and how you can access and update this information. This Policy is a legally binding agreement between you (“User”, “you” or “your”) and thienmaonline.vn LLC (“thienmaonline.vn LLC”, “we”, “us” or “our”). By accessing and using the Website and Services, you acknowledge that you have read, understood, and agree to be bound by the terms of this Agreement. This Policy does not apply to the practices of companies that we do not own or control, or to individuals that we do not employ or manage.
Automatic collection of information
When you open the Website, our servers automatically record information that your browser sends. This data may include information such as your device’s IP address, browser type and version, operating system type and version, language preferences or the webpage you were visiting before you came to the Website and Services, pages of the Website and Services that you visit, the time spent on those pages, information you search for on the Website, access times and dates, and other statistics.
Information collected automatically is used only to identify potential cases of abuse and establish statistical information regarding the usage and traffic of the Website and Services. This statistical information is not otherwise aggregated in such a way that would identify any particular user of the system.
Collection of personal information
You can access and use the Website and Services without telling us who you are or revealing any information by which someone could identify you as a specific, identifiable individual. If, however, you wish to use some of the features on the Website, you may be asked to provide certain Personal Information (for example, your name and e-mail address). We receive and store any information you knowingly provide to us when you create an account, publish content, make a purchase, or fill any online forms on the Website. When required, this information may include the following:
Personal details such as name, country of residence, etc.Contact information such as email address, address, etc.Account details such as user name, unique user ID, password, etc.Proof of identity such as photocopy of a government ID.Payment information such as credit card details, bank details, etc.Geolocation data such as latitude and longitude.Information about other individuals such as your family members, friends, etc.Any other materials you willingly submit to us such as articles, images, feedback, etc.
Some of the information we collect is directly from you via the Website and Services. However, we may also collect Personal Information about you from other sources such as public databases, social media platforms, third-party data providers, and our joint marketing partners. Personal Information we collect from other sources may include demographic information, such as age and gender, device information, such as IP addresses, location, such as city and state, and online behavioral data, such as information about your use of social media websites, page view information and search results and links. You can choose not to provide us with your Personal Information, but then you may not be able to take advantage of some of the features on the Website. Users who are uncertain about what information is mandatory are welcome to contact us.
Use and processing of collected information
In order to make the Website and Services available to you, or to meet a legal obligation, we need to collect and use certain Personal Information. If you do not provide the information that we request, we may not be able to provide you with the requested products or services. Any of the information we collect from you may be used for the following purposes:
Create and manage user accountsFulfill and manage ordersDeliver products or servicesImprove products and servicesSend administrative informationSend marketing and promotional communicationsRespond to inquiries and offer supportRequest user feedbackImprove user experiencePost customer testimonialsDeliver targeted advertisingAdminister prize draws and competitionsEnforce terms and conditions and policiesProtect from abuse and malicious usersRespond to legal requests and prevent harmRun and operate the Website and Services
Processing your Personal Information depends on how you interact with the Website and Services, where you are located in the world and if one of the following applies: (i) you have given your consent for one or more specific purposes; this, however, does not apply, whenever the processing of Personal Information is subject to California Consumer Privacy Act or European data protection law; (ii) provision of information is necessary for the performance of an agreement with you and/or for any pre-contractual obligations thereof; (iii) processing is necessary for compliance with a legal obligation to which you are subject; (iv) processing is related to a task that is carried out in the public interest or in the exercise of official authority vested in us; (v) processing is necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by us or by a third party.
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Note that under some legislations we may be allowed to process information until you object to such processing (by opting out), without having to rely on consent or any other of the following legal bases below. In any case, we will be happy to clarify the specific legal basis that applies to the processing, and in particular whether the provision of Personal Information is a statutory or contractual requirement, or a requirement necessary to enter into a contract.
Billing and payments
We use third party payment processors to assist us in processing your payment information securely. Such third party processors’ use of your Personal Information is governed by their respective privacy policies which may or may not contain privacy protections as protective as this Policy. We suggest that you review their respective privacy policies.
Managing information
You are able to delete certain Personal Information we have about you. The Personal Information you can delete may change as the Website and Services change. When you delete Personal Information, however, we may maintain a copy of the unrevised Personal Information in our records for the duration necessary to comply with our obligations to our affiliates and partners, and for the purposes described below.
Disclosure of information
Depending on the requested Services or as necessary to complete any transaction or provide any service you have requested, we may contract with other companies and share your information with your consent with our trusted third parties that work with us, any other affiliates and subsidiaries we rely upon to assist in the operation of the Website and Services available to you. We do not share Personal Information with unaffiliated third parties. These service providers are not authorized to use or disclose your information except as necessary to perform services on our behalf or comply with legal requirements. We may share your Personal Information for these purposes only with third parties whose privacy policies are consistent with ours or who agree to abide by our policies with respect to Personal Information. These third parties are given Personal Information they need only in order to perform their designated functions, and we do not authorize them to use or disclose Personal Information for their own marketing or other purposes.
We will disclose any Personal Information we collect, use or receive if required or permitted by law, such as to comply with a subpoena, or similar legal process, and when we believe in good faith that disclosure is necessary to protect our rights, protect your safety or the safety of others, investigate fraud, or respond to a government request.
In the event we go through a business transition, such as a merger or acquisition by another company, or sale of all or a portion of its assets, your user account, and Personal Information will likely be among the assets transferred.
Retention of information
We will retain and use your Personal Information for the period necessary to comply with our legal obligations, resolve disputes, and enforce our agreements unless a longer retention period is required or permitted by law. We may use any aggregated data derived from or incorporating your Personal Information after you update or delete it, but not in a manner that would identify you personally. Once the retention period expires, Personal Information shall be deleted. Therefore, the right to access, the right to erasure, the right to rectification and the right to data portability cannot be enforced after the expiration of the retention period.
Transfer of information
Depending on your location, data transfers may involve transferring and storing your information in a country other than your own. You are entitled to learn about the legal basis of information transfers to a country outside the European Union or to any international organization governed by public international law or set up by two or more countries, such as the UN, and about the security measures taken by us to safeguard your information. If any such transfer takes place, you can find out more by checking the relevant sections of this Policy or inquire with us using the information provided in the contact section.
The rights of users
You may exercise certain rights regarding your information processed by us. In particular, you have the right to do the following: (i) you have the right to withdraw consent where you have previously given your consent to the processing of your information; (ii) you have the right to object to the processing of your information if the processing is carried out on a legal basis other than consent; (iii) you have the right to learn if information is being processed by us, obtain disclosure regarding certain aspects of the processing and obtain a copy of the information undergoing processing; (iv) you have the right to verify the accuracy of your information and ask for it to be updated or corrected; (v) you have the right, under certain circumstances, to restrict the processing of your information, in which case, we will not process your information for any purpose other than storing it; (vi) you have the right, under certain circumstances, to obtain the erasure of your Personal Information from us; (vii) you have the right to receive your information in a structured, commonly used and machine readable format and, if technically feasible, to have it transmitted to another controller without any hindrance. This provision is applicable provided that your information is processed by automated means and that the processing is based on your consent, on a contract which you are part of or on pre-contractual obligations thereof.
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The right to object to processing
Where Personal Information is processed for the public interest, in the exercise of an official authority vested in us or for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued by us, you may object to such processing by providing a ground related to your particular situation to justify the objection. You must know that, however, should your Personal Information be processed for direct marketing purposes, you can object to that processing at any time without providing any justification. To learn, whether we are processing Personal Information for direct marketing purposes, you may refer to the relevant sections of this document.
Data protection rights under GDPR
If you are a resident of the European Economic Area (EEA), you have certain data protection rights and thienmaonline.vn LLC aims to take reasonable steps to allow you to correct, amend, delete, or limit the use of your Personal Information. If you wish to be informed what Personal Information we hold about you and if you want it to be removed from our systems, please contact us. In certain circumstances, you have the following data protection rights:
You have the right to request access to your Personal Information that we store and have the ability to access your Personal Information.You have the right to request that we correct any Personal Information you believe is inaccurate. You also have the right to request us to complete the Personal Information you believe is incomplete.You have the right to request the erase your Personal Information under certain conditions of this Policy.You have the right to object to our processing of your Personal Information.You have the right to seek restrictions on the processing of your Personal Information. When you restrict the processing of your Personal Information, we may store it but will not process it further.You have the right to be provided with a copy of the information we have on you in a structured, machine-readable and commonly used format.
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