However, ceiling effects make it impossible to distinguish performance on palatoalveolar and dental stops – both were identified with almost 100 % accuracy.

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With respect to the variation across sounds, the alveolar fricative (/s-z/) was voiced on practically all occasions (99%), followed closely by the palatoalveolar (/1-^/).
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Subjects differed mainly in the degree of voicing they exhibited with the labiodental fricative and the palatoalveolar affricate. 10.
A simple solution in the latter case is that the unrounded palatoalveolar fricative is an allophone of s before palatal and palatoalveolar phonemes.
Toda also has a four-way sibilant distinction, with one alveolar, one palatoalveolar, and two retroflex (apical postalveolar and subapical palatal).
Often, to speakers of languages or dialects that do not have the sound, it is said to have a whistling quality, and to sound similar to palatoalveolar.
Not only are all four tongue shapes represented (with the palatoalveolar appearing in the laminal closed variation), but both the palato-alveolars and alveolo-palatals can additionally appear labialized.

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In certain languages nasals or laterals may be said to be palatoalveolar, but it is unclear if such sounds can be consistently distinguished from alveolo-palatals and palatalized alveolars.

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